What does PAX8 positive mean?

PAX8 is a transcription factor protein that plays a role in the regulation of gene expression. It is essential for the development and maintenance of certain tissues, such as the thyroid and ovaries. In cancer, PAX8 may be involved in tumor development and progression by influencing gene activity.

PAX8 is commonly positive in thyroid cancer and ovarian cancer. It can also be found in some cases of renal (kidney) cancer. It is less frequently associated with other cancer types.

PAX8 is typically not associated with lung cancer. It is more commonly linked to thyroid, ovarian, and renal (kidney) cancers. PAX8 testing is not a typical diagnostic tool for lung cancer.

Yes, PAX8 is commonly found in thyroid cancer. A positive PAX8 result in a thyroid tissue sample can indicate the presence of thyroid cancer or be used to confirm the diagnosis. It is a valuable biomarker for thyroid cancer.

The PAX8 test is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of PAX8 protein in tissue samples. It helps identify various cancer types and plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis.

Total calcium measures all forms in the blood, including protein-bound and complexed. Ionized calcium measures only the physiologically active form. Ionized calcium is more reflective of the body's calcium status and is often preferred in clinical assessments.

Ionized calcium is vital for various physiological functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Monitoring ionized calcium levels helps assess and manage disorders affecting calcium homeostasis.

Causes include parathyroid disorders, kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions.

Dairy products (milk, cheese), leafy greens (kale, broccoli), and fortified foods (tofu, orange juice) are high in calcium.

Ionized calcium measurements are highly accurate, providing a real-time assessment of the physiologically active form. However, accuracy also depends on the quality of the testing equipment and proper sample handling.

Normal calcium levels can vary by age. In adults, the normal total calcium range is typically 8.5 to 10.4 mg/dL. For children, the range is generally higher. Consultation with a healthcare provider is necessary for accurate interpretation based on age and individual health status.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, addressing vitamin D deficiency, adjusting medications, or treating underlying diseases may help normalize ionized calcium levels.

Elevated calcium levels may indicate underlying health issues. Consultation with a healthcare professional is crucial to determine the cause and appropriate management.

An unsafe calcium level depends on the context. Generally, levels significantly outside the normal range (below 4.65 or above 5.28 mg/dL) may require medical attention and further investigation.

Disorders related to ionized calcium include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and certain kidney diseases.

Low ionized calcium may result from hypoparathyroidism, kidney disease, or vitamin D deficiency. Symptoms include muscle spasms, numbness, and in severe cases, tetany. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and, in some cases, calcium supplementation.

Elevated ionized calcium levels may indicate hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, or other disorders. Further investigation is needed to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

Ionized calcium is considered more accurate as it measures the physiologically active form, while serum calcium includes protein-bound and complexed forms. Ionized calcium reflects the biologically active fraction and is more relevant in assessing clinical conditions.

Point-of-care testing involves using portable devices to measure ionized calcium levels in real-time, providing immediate results for clinical decisions.

Low ionized calcium can cause symptoms such as muscle cramps, tingling in extremities, seizures, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias.

The normal ionized calcium level in blood is approximately 4.65 to 5.28 mg/dL.

Controlling ALP involves addressing the underlying issue. This may include lifestyle modifications, medications, or surgical interventions based on the specific cause identified.

No specific foods directly impact ALP. However, maintaining a healthy diet low in processed foods, alcohol, and saturated fats can support overall liver and bone health.

Treatment targets the underlying cause. For liver issues, it may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Bone-related problems may require interventions such as hormone therapy.